A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (05:06 PM)

MIMANSA (05:07 PM)

• Mimansa is also called as Purva Mimansa which means "Early reflection on Veda". 
• Jaimini was the founder of this philosophy. It emphasizes on the performance of Vedic rituals to attain salvation. 
• It also talked about temporary bliss i.e. Heaven. 
• Heaven is the outcome of the accumulation of good deeds of a person. 
• This philosophy also emphasized on the importance of the Priestly class. 

VEDANTA (05:14 PM)

• It is also called as Uttara Mimansa. It also means the end of Veda. It also means the later reflections on Veda. 
• Badrayana is considered as an early founder of this philosophy but later many streams of Vedanta philosophy developed. 
• Mimansa and Vedanta are considered as Yugm. 
• a) Advaitvada (Non-dualism)
• It was founded by Adi Shankaracharya who was born in Kerala in the 8th Century AD. 
• He renounced Hinduism on an intellectual basis and gave the philosophy of Advaitavada, which says there is no difference between the creator and the created.
• The difference that we perceive is because of our ignorance. This ignorance can be eliminated by embarking on the path of "Jnan Marg". 
• He also popularized the Mahavakya- "Aham Brahmasmih". It means "The god is within oneself and one is part of the God". 

• Analogy of the Rope and the Snake- This analogy is often used to illustrate the concept of Maya, the illusion that gives rise to the perceived multiplicity in the world. Just as a rope in dim light might be mistaken for a snake, the true nature of reality is obscured by the illusion of diversity.

• b) Vishist Dvaitvada (Qualified dualism)
• It was founded by Ramanujacharya in the 11th century AD, Srinrangam in Tamilnadu. 
• Sri Ramanuj maintained that God has some qualified or special attributes that can only be recognized through Bhakti or devotion. 
• He emphasized on "Bhakti Marg" for the attainment of Salvation. 

HETERODOX PHILOSOPHY (05:30 PM)

CARVAKA PHILOSOPHY 

• It is also known as Lokayat philosophy. Lokayat means "The one which is popular among the masses". 
• It is a materialistic school of philosophy that rejects the divine authority of Veda, the existence of God, rebirth, and salvation. 
• They recognize perception as the only means of Knowledge which is popularly captured in the phrase "Pratyksham kim Pramanam". 
• they also emphasize on living in the present and not fretting over the past and the future which is best captured in their phrase

• यावत् जीवेत् सुखम् जीवेत्। ऋणं कृत्वा घृतं पिबेत्। भस्मिभूतस्य देहस्य पुनरागमनं कुतः Yavat Jivite Sukham Jivite Rinam Kritva ghartam pibet Bhasmibhutasya dehasya punragmanm kutah Meaning: As long as you live, live happily. Take debt and drink ghee. Once the body is reduced to ashes, how can it come back

AJIVIKA (05:40 PM)

• Ajivika Philosophy is known as Niyatiwad i.e. Theory of Destiny. 
• It was founded by Makhali Putta Gosala who was a contemporary of Mahavir but later he parted ways with Mahavir. 
• They say "There is no free choice as such whatever that has happened, is happening and will happen. One cannot change it". 
• They further maintained that the concept of salvation and rebirth is a fallacy to fool people. 

PARSI RELIGION/ ZOROASTRIANISM (05:47 PM)

• It is one of the oldest religions in the world which emerged in Iran, but later India became the mainstay of the Parsi religion. 
• Prophet Zarathustra or Zoroaster is considered as the founder of this religion. Parsis believe in two types of forces i.e. Spirit of Good i.e. Spenta Mainyu and Spirit of Evil i.e. Angra Mainyu. 
• They consider both the forces necessary to maintain balance in the universe but Angra Mainyu has a tendency to dominate which leads to death and destruction. 
• In this scenario, Zoroaster God- "Ahura Mazda" balances the situation. He is represented through Fire and worship places of Parsis are known as Fire Temple i.e. Atash Behram. 
• Parsis are also known for their extreme after-death rituals whereby they leave their dead body fallow in open spaces known as "Silence towers" and the dead body is fed by the vultures. 
• 
• The holy text of Parsi is "Zend Avesta". 

INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE (06:16 PM)

• Origin of Dance forms in India 
• Bharatmuni's Natyashastra is considered as the earliest treatise on dance, drama, and Music. 
• As per the stories in this text Natyashastra was created on the instruction of Lord Brahma. 
• He instructed Bharatmuni to take the elements from the existing Ved to create Natyaved.
• As such Bharatmuni took Pathya i.e. words from Rigveda; Abhinaya i.e. expression from Yajurveda; Geet i.e. Music from Samveda, Ras i.e. emotions from Atharvaveda. 
• Bharat muni further mentions two aspects of dance
• Tandava, i.e. is the masculine form of dance characterized by strength, determination, aggression, and fast movement. 
• Shiva Tandava is considered as the first mythological example. It is the cosmic dance of lord Shiva associated with destruction for the purpose of reconstruction. 
• Bhairava Tandava is associated with the dance of destruction and Anand Tandava is associated with reconstruction. 
• Other Mythological examples include Kaliya-Mardan by Lord Krishna and the Dance of Indra on the birth occasion of Adinath Risabhdeva. 
• Lashya- 
• It is a feminine aspect of dance characterized by Grace, Expression, & soft and beautiful movement. 
• The first mythological example is "The Dance of Goddess Parvati" on the occasion of her marriage with Lord Shiva. 
• Three Elements of Dance 

• Nritta	Pure dance movement
  Natya	Dramatic expression
  Nritya	Combination of dance and expression

• Later, Nandikeshvara in his book "Abhinayadarpan" elaborated on the use of nine emotions in the dance forms 

• Emotion	Expression
  Sringara	Love
  Vira	Courage
  Hasya	Laughter and Comedy
  Raudra	Fury
  Bibhatsa	Disgust
  Bhayana	Fear
  Adbhuta	Amazement
  Karunya	Tragedy
  Shanta	Peaceful expression, with slow, graceful movements.

BHARATNATYAM (06:47 PM)

• It derives its name from Bharatmuni and it is regarded as Bhava, Raga, Tals Natyam which means the dance of expression, melody, and rhythm.
• It is the oldest classical form of India whose origin is based in the Devadasi System. As per this tradition, young girls were donated to the temples and symbolically they were married to the main god of the temple. After which they were supposed to perform inside the temple for their entire lifetime. 
• In modern times, when the Devadasi system was banned, it led to the decline of the dance forms. 
• In this scenario, a freedom fighter E Krishna Iyer revived the dance form. 
• After India's independence Rukmini Devi Arundale through her performances gave global recognition to Bharatnatyam. 
• Features 
• Bharatnatyam is considered as the mother of many classical forms of India. It's very strict in terms of the steps which is as follows. 
• Alaripu- It is the invocation of God to seek his blessings. 
• Jatiswaram- Pure dance movement.
• Shabdam- Begining of Abhinaya.
• Varnam- Further elaboration of Abhinaya
• Padam- mastery in Abhinaya
• Jawali- Energetic performance on short love lyrics. 
• Thillana- Exuberant and joyous movement symbolizing temporary salvation. 
• Initially, Bharatnatyam was the preserve of the females but later Male dancers also started to perform it. 
• It is often referred as "Fire Dance" as the steps of the dancer resemble a dancing flame. 
• It also represents the element of fire in the body. 
• The postures in Bharatnatyam often resemble Triangles. 
• Katak Mukha Hasta is the most popular mudra in Bharatnatyam wherein three fingers are joined to symbolize the universal sound Om. 
• 
• Ek Charya Lasyam is a solo performance in Bharatnatyam where a single dancer takes up the role of many. 
• Mantra Chanting is an important part of Bharatnatyam Performance. The person who chants the mantra is called "Nattu Vanar". 
• Carnatic classical music is used during the performance. 
• Famous exponents of Bharatnatyam 
• Ragini Devi 
• Bala Saraswati
• Padma Subramanium
• Yamini Krishnamurti
• Mrinalini Sarabhai

KUCHIPUDI (07:18 PM)

• Kuchipudi emerged from the Andhra Village of Kuchelapuram. 
• It was also known as Kusselvapuri. 
• This dance form was initiated by the males of this village. It was a moving troop and they performed on a Hindu religious theme
• later during the Neo - vaishnavite period, dance forms became popular among male Brahmins of Andhra.
• They started to perform it on the theme of Bhagvat Purana and they completely monopolized this dance form. 
• Later the dance form received the patronage of Vijaynagar and Golconda Rulers. 
• In modern times the dance form was revived by Ragini Devi and Bala Saraswati. 

THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS:- FEATURES OF KUCHIPUDI AND OTHER DANCE FORMS.